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gender variance
Gender variance, or gender nonconformity, is behavior or gender expression by an individual that does not match masculine and feminine gender norms. People who exhibit gender variance may be called ''gender variant'', ''gender non-conforming'', ''gender diverse,'' ''gender atypical''〔Douglas C. Halderman (2000), ''Gender Atypical Youth: Clinical and Social Issues.'' School Psychology Review, v29 n2 p192-200 2000〕 or ''genderqueer'', and may be transgender or otherwise variant in their gender expression. Some intersex people may also exhibit gender variance.
==Terminology==
The terms ''gender variance'' and ''gender variant'' are used by scholars of psychology〔Lynne Carroll, Paula J. Gilroy, Jo Ryan (2002), ''Counseling Transgendered, Transsexual, and Gender-Variant Clients'', Journal of Counseling & Development, Volume 80, Number 2, Spring 2002, pp. 131 - 139〕〔Arlene Istar Lev, (2004) ''Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic Guidelines for Working With Gender-Variant People and Their Families.'' Haworth Press, ISBN 978-0-7890-0708-7〕 and psychiatry,〔Walter O. Bockting, Randall D. Ehrbar (2006), "Commentary: Gender Variance, Dissonance, or Identity Disorder?'' pp. 125 - 134 in "Sexual and Gender Diagnoses of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM): A reevaluation'' edited by Dan Karasic and Jack Drescher, 2006, Haworth Press, ISBN 0-7890-3214-7 NB: Several articles in this book use the term "gender variance".〕 anthropology,〔Serena Nanda (2000) ''Gender Diversity: Crosscultural Variations'', Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc., 2000 ISBN 1-57766-074-9 NB: Nanda uses the term "gender variance" to encompass gender phenomena in different cultures.〕 and gender studies, as well as advocacy groups of gender variant people themselves.〔"Gender Education and Advocacy (GEA) is a national () organization focused on the needs, issues and concerns of gender variant people in human society." Mission statement, available on the front page of the group's website: www.gender.org〕 The term ''gender-variant'' is deliberately broad, encompassing such specific terms as transsexual, butch, femme, queen, sissy, travesti, hijra, or tomboy.
The word ''transgender'' is sometimes used interchangeably with ''gender-variant'',〔After defining ''transgender'' as primarily "an umbrella term to describe those who defy societal expectations and assumptions regarding femaleness and maleness" including people who are transsexual, intersexual or genderqueer, as well as crossdressers, drag performers, masculine women and feminine men, Serano goes on to state: "I will also sometimes use the synonymous term ''gender-variant'' to describe all people who are considered by others to deviate from societal norms of femaleness and maleness". (p. 25), Serano, Julia (2007), ''Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity,'' Seal Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-58005-154-5, ISBN 1-58005-154-5〕 but usually has a narrower meaning and somewhat different connotations, including a non-identification with the gender assigned at birth. GLAAD (formerly the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation)'s Media Reference Guide defines ''transgender'' as an "umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth."〔Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. (‘’GLAAD Media Reference Guide, 8th Edition. Transgender Glossary of Terms” ), ‘’GLAAD’’, USA, May 2010. Retrieved on 2011-03-02.〕 Not all gender variant people identify as transgender, and not all transgender people identify as gender variant—many identify simply as men or women. Gender identity is one's internal sense of their own gender; while most people have a gender identity of a boy or a man, or a girl or a woman, gender identity for other people is more complex than two choices. Furthermore, gender expression is the external manifestation of one's gender identity, usually through "masculine," "feminine," or gender variant presentation or behavior.〔
In some countries, such as Australia, the term ''gender diverse'' or, historically, ''sex and/or gender diverse'', may be used in place of, or as well as ''transgender''.〔 Culturally-specific gender diverse terms include ''sistergirls'' and ''brotherboys''.〔 Ambiguities about the inclusion or exclusion of intersex people in terminology, such as ''sex and/or gender diverse'', led to a decline in use of the terms ''sex and/or gender diverse'' and ''Diverse Sexes and Genders'' (DSG).〔(Family Planning Victoria, February 2013, "ABS review of the sex standard / potential new gender standard, A submission by Family Planning Victoria in collaboration with Gay and Lesbian Health Victoria, Transgender Victoria, Y Gender and the Zoe Belle Gender Centre" )〕〔(Transgender Victoria, February 2013, "Review of ABS Standard Welcome" )〕 Current regulations providing for the recognition of trans and other gender identities use terms such as ''gender diverse'' and ''transgender''.〔]〕 In July 2013, the Australian National LGBTI Health Alliance produced a guide entitled "Inclusive Language Guide: Respecting people of intersex, trans and gender diverse experience" which clearly distinguishes between different bodily and identity groups.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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